PSG has now claimed the prestigious cup on 14 separate times.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in Kuwait and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup victory.
The European champions appeared to be sailing towards a straightforward win in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France holders after the French winger opened the net early on.
However, the southern French side struck two times in the closing moments to take a shock lead. First, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before the defender inadvertently directed the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, Goncalo Ramos snatched a vital equaliser in the dying seconds to send the match into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, stopping decisive attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and Desire Doue all converted successfully for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing penalty win.
The record champions PSG, who met last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the twelfth time in the past 13 years.